मंगलवार 15 मार्च 1988 की अव्यक्त मुरली

हिंदी को ISO 15919 पर आधारित अनुकूलित लिप्यंतरण के साथ रोमन अक्षरों में भी दिखाया जाता है।

लिप्यंतरण कैसे पढ़ें

यह साइट ISO 15919 पर आधारित लिप्यंतरण का प्रयोग करती है। पढ़ना आसान बनाने के लिए c, ś और ṣ के बाद h तथा स्वर r̥ के बाद i जोड़ा जाता है। इन बदलावों से यह भारत में प्रयुक्त हंटरियन प्रणाली के करीब आता है, जबकि ISO 15919 के विशिष्ट चिह्न बने रहते हैं।

इस साइट पर किए गए बदलाव
ISO 15919इस साइट पर
cch
śśh
ṣṣh
r̥r̥i

पढ़ने के कुछ संकेत:

  • ā, ī, ū: अक्षर के ऊपर की रेखा दीर्घ स्वर दर्शाती है।
  • ṭ, ḍ, ṇ: नीचे का बिंदु मूर्धन्य व्यंजनों को t, d, n से अलग करता है।
  • स्वर के ऊपर टिल्ड चिह्न अनुनासिक उच्चारण दर्शाता है।
दिखाई जाने वाली श्रेणियाँ
इस क्रम के बारे में

Words are sorted according to their importance. A word will be considered important if it is used several times in the murli and if this word does not appear as often in other murlis. This importance is calculated by what is called tf-idf (term frequency * inverse document frequency). This score appears in parentheses. The first words are good candidates as keywords.

Image or idol of support.
(Hinduism) Hindus worship an image or idol, which gives them support in their life.
(Bābā) We ourselves can be those living images or idols on which the souls who cross our path receive support in their life.

Out.

Fate, destiny.

To train, to teach, to instruct, to school.

To smile, grin, smirk, simper.
(Bābā) To smile.

A market, market- place.

An affix which, added to substantives and adjectives, forms abstract substantives, denoting condition, state, time of life, occupation, &c., and corresponding to the English words which end in '-hood,' '-ship,' '-ness,' &c.

Father, procreator, progenitor.

To weep, to cry, to bewail, to lament.

Opinion, view. Doctrine (which contains the author's opinions).

Wish, desire, will.

To run, to run about, to rush.

A painter, an artist.

House.

Golden aged.

Prosperity, wealth, success.
Completion, perfection.

Health, healthiness.

Hesitation.
Shyness.
Contraction.

(Bābā) The highest level of purity, fullness and perfection; stage of golden age.

Non-attainment, non-acquisition.

The whole, complete, undivided, indivisible.

Cheerful, happy, delighted.

Foundation.

Cycle of births or states, transmigration.
The world, the universe.
Life in this world, worldly concerns, illusion as to worldly reality.
(Bābā) The corporeal world in which one reincarnates.

Time, occasion, turn.
Position, office, rank, order.

Restlessness, anxiety.

Who owns destiny, fate.

Devotion.
Practice, mental training.
Spiritual endeavour or performance (esp. aspiring for an end).
(Bābā) Spiritual efforts.

Quite full, brimful, chokeful, crammed, replete, overflowing.
Sufficient, quite enough.
High (as a tide).
Full (as the moon).

Great king, supreme power, sovereign, emperor.

Fear, apprehension, alarm, terror, dread.
Danger.

Board.

phil. [“delivered alive”] who has achieved spiritual liberation during his life (and can thus go about the affairs of the world without attachment and defilement, and abstain from the rites and duties of his caste); he observes the present with indifference.
adj & sm Exonerated whilst living from future birth or transmigration and all ritual ceremonies. One who is so exonerated.
(Bābā) Delivered alive (in the age of union with God, or in the golden and silver ages)

Separation.
Distinction.
Difference.
Rarity.
(Bābā) Separation, detachment (especially from things of the old world, the body, relationships, etc. to keep in our consciousness only what we really are: the soul).

To fly.
To fade, to get dim, to vanish.
To explode.

Only, merely, barely.
Mere, bare, sheer.

Future; what has yet to be, what will be, the future.

First.

Not shaking or swinging.
Not ricketty.
Immovable, firm, steady.
Unshaken.

Half a cycle, half a kalpa, 2500 years.

A beggar, a pauper.

phil. [“deliverance in this life”] state of liberation, ultimate goal of yoga.
(Vedanta) Liberation in the present state of life, a secondary sort of liberation which conducts the soul after death to live with Brahma not however divested of a subtile corporeal frame.
(Bābā) Liberation in life (in the age of union with God, or in the golden and silver ages)

The hand, the wrist, the pulse.
Hand, member (of a work team).
A hand (at cards).
Hand, contribution (in some activity).
Handle, arm (of a chair).

Emotional experience, inner experience, realisation.

Subjects, public, people.

Picture, painting, illustration, figure, photo.

Firm, irrevocable, resolute, unwavering, steadfast.

Creator one who makes.

Clever, wise, intelligent, careful.

Line, lineament, mark, furrow.
Lines on the palm of the hand or the forehead, fate, destiny.

A quadrillion times (1,000,000,000,000,000 times).

Carefree, careless, unworried, unmindful.
(Bābā) Worriless, free from anxiety, without worries.

A god, a deity.

Incorporeal, bodiless, unembodied.

To learn.

Emperor, king, monarch, sovereign.

Inhabitant of Bhārat.

Nearness, proximity, contiguousness, contiguity, vicinity.

(Interrogative pronominal adverb) How far, how long, to what degree.

Wish, desire, inclination.
Lust.
(Bābā) Wish, desire.

At this time, now.

To free.

Wave, ripple, undulation.
A wavy pattern.
Surge, caprice, whim, impulse.

To cause to reach, to reach.
To carry.
To transmit, to convey.
To lead.

Alone, by or within one's ownself; automatically.

Reserve. Place where provisions, etc. are stored.
(Bābā) Kitchen. Place where food is distributed.
(Bābā) Treasure-Store.

Art, craft, skill.
A sixteenth part (of anything).
A digit or one sixteenth of the moon's diameter (allowing you to distinguish the phases of the moon).
(Bābā) One-sixteenth of the full spiritual light.

Distinct, clear, apparent, evident, obvious, manifest, intelligible, easy, plain.

Treasure.
Treasury, repository.

Very much, in plenty, in abundance.
Good, beautiful.
Very.
Excellent! very good !

Cooperation, collaboration.

Liberation, freedom; deliverance.
Final deliverance, salvation.

Might.

Giving, bestowing, imparting, liberal, generous.
Giver, donor, benefactor.
The Giver of all things, God.

He who ordains, dispenses destiny, fate, fortune of each.
(Hinduism) Brahmā "the Ordainer of the World", personifying Destiny.
(Bābā) Śhiv who elevates destiny according to the effort of remembrance.

Present, existing; current.
The present.

Play, sport, fun, diversion; acts or sights exciting merriment.
Pleasure, delight: also mirth or merriment.
A sudden fancy or freak; a mere humor or whim.
A wave, a billow.

Tree, shrub.

Eye.
Sight.
Look, glance, regard, observation.
Discernment, judgment, sense.

Full.

To rise in waves (water), to ripple.
To wave (as foliage, crops).
To wave, to flap (a flag).
To wind (as a stream).
To undulate in movement (a snake).
To gust (as heat).
To be moved suddenly (the heart, by emotion).
To be wafted (fragrance).
To be radiant (the beauty of nature).
To cause to flutter, or to wave; to put out (a flag); to raise (a flag, standard). To raise delusive hopes in (a person); to excite, to tantalise.

Complaint, twitting, reproach.

Colleague, co-worker.
Co-operating.
Co-operative.

A watch, time-piece.
Moment.
An hour.

Long, lengthy, tall.

Seat.

Low.

Life, animation, existence.

Family, household.

Idol, statue, image.

(Hinduism) The first of the four castes in traditional Hindu social hierarchy whose main duty, as prescribed, was to study, to teach, to perform yagya and to subsist through alms.
(Brahma Kumaris) The mouth born child of Brahma.

To be honoured, honourable, respectable, venerable, fit for or deserving adoration, adorable, worshipful.

Four.

Base, basis, foundation.
(sindhi) A support, prop, dependence.
(Bābā) Support.

To open.
To be uncovered.
To be untied.
To start.
To clear.

Hope, expectation.
Wish, desire.

Religious devotion, adoration, loving faith, piety, devoted service.
(Bābā) Bhakti, the system of worship based on faith in God, devotion and love for Him, devoid however of the true knowledge (gyan) about Him.

World.
The present world, the present life or state of existence.
The people of this world, people.
Worldly enjoyments or blessings, worldly goods, the good things of this life, wealth, riches.

Step, pace, footstep.

Right, authority, command, possession, occupation, entitlement.

Immovable, immobile, stationary, motionless, still, firm.

sab + kō : everything, everyone.

To play one's part. When the soul incarnates, it becomes an actor and plays the part eternally inscribed within it.

To pull, to pull one's leg, to draw, to tighten, to expand, to extract, to attract, to drag.

Condition, state, age, stage, phase.

As long as.
(with negation) until.

Return.

The first of the four yug of the universe according to Indian mythology. Satyug is said to be the best or golden period or age of creation.

There.

New, novel, fresh, unused, green, recent, modern, raw, inexperienced, young.

Chance.

King, monarch, prince.

Similar, identical, equal to the Father.

Number.

To fill, to refill.

Party.

Body.

Half.

Fortune, fate, luck, destiny.

The world, universe.

Whole, entire, complete, perfect.

Light.
(Bābā) Electricity.

Thing, article, item, object; commodity; ornament.
A thing of value, a valuable, a precious thing.

Birth, origin, genesis.
Life, existence.

Attraction, charm, allurement.

Difficult, hard, intricate.
Difficulty, hardship.

The head, the skull, the forehead.
Top or highest part (of anything), summit (of a mountain).

Play; sport; amusement; dallying.
A game.
Something easy or unimportant: a trifle.
A wonder, a spectacle.
Showing (as of a film).

Capable, competent.
Powerful.

Body.

Here, hither, in/at this place.

Brother.

Result.

Obtaining, acquisition; attainment (to a goal, a level); fulfilment (of a request).
Gain, advantage; income.
Receipt (of a letter, &c.); reception (of guests).

To be liked.
To be agreeable, to be pleasing, to be appealing.

To change, to alter, to replace.
To convert, to be converted.
To go back (on one's word).

Below, under, beneath, at the bottom, down, below.

(Hinduism) Great cosmological cycle of creation, where the material Universe is created, degrades and is annihilated during the kalpānta.
(Hinduism) Cosmological period of one day (half-day) of Brahmā, duration of a creation of the Universe, worth 1000 great eras [mahāyuga] (approximately 4.32 billion years); each kalpa consists of 14 eras of Manu [manvantara].
(Bābā) Great cosmological cycle of creation, where the material Universe is created in its state of maximum purity, degrades and is then destroyed and recreated (transformation and not annihilation).
(Bābā) cosmological period of one day (paradise for 2500 years) and one night (hell for 2500 years) of Brahmā, duration of a creation of the Universe, worth 5000 years.

To increase, to multiply.
To extend, to raise.
To cause to progress, to cause to grow, to cause to prosper.
To advance.
To magnify.
To exaggerate.
To push ahead.
To extinguish (as a lamp).
To close (as a shop).

Love, affection.
Oil, oily substance.

(superlative) Of all, the most.

To play, sport, gambol, frisk, frolic; to amuse or divert oneself.
To play at, to gamble, to play a part or character, to act, to perform.
To nod the head under the influence of a spirit.

Towards.

To play (an instrument, a recording).
To strike (a bell, gong); to beat (a drum).
To clap (the hands).

Stage.
(Bābā) State, condition.

Arithmetic, account, calculation, rate.
Manner, custom.
(Bābā) Account.

The best, good, excellent, superior.

To be born.

By oneself, on one's own.
Of one's own accord or volition.
Involuntarily, automatically.
By nature, naturally.
Self-.

Either, or (usually repeated).
चाहे ... चाहे, either ... or; whether ... or.

Got, obtained; procured, acquired.

Position, situation, state, condition, stage, phase.

A lover.
Loving, affectionate.

(prefix) Great, illustrious.
Mighty, strong, big, large, ample, excessive, grievous.
Very, extremely, very much.

Foreign, alien, exotic.
A foreigner, foreign national.

To cause to be done, cause to be made; to actuate, effect, make; to perform (sacrifice, etc.), to assist.

Small, little, short, young, petty, subordinate, junior, insignificant.

On, upon.
Above.

'not so', Do not believe.

Part.

But if.., but, nevertheless.

Remaining, left over, remainder, balance, arrears, subtraction.

To raise, to lift up.
To wake up.
To rent out.
To bear.
To remove.

Joyous, delighted, cheerful.

Ordinary, simple, common, commonplace, usual, moderate.

Perfecting, finishing; refining; adorning.
An inborn power or faculty; instinct.
Influence, impress (of nurture).
A concept, idea.
(Hinduism) Any of various essential sanctifying or purificatory rites (as the first taking of solid food, investiture with the sacred thread, marriage and funeral rites).
(Bābā) Impression or imprint of the state of mind. There are the innate saṅskār, inherent to the soul and the acquired saṅskār. When the soul does an action, an acquired saṅskār is formed. This saṅskār then incites us to the same action (with the same state of mind) in similar circumstances for example. Character traits are saṅskār. These saṅskār are part of the soul and not the body as many believe. They therefore accumulate over several lives.

Where, wherever.

Shape, form.
Appearance.
Character, nature.
(Hinduism) Form assumed by a deity, or by the ultimate being; image, idol.
Of the same nature or character; similar.
(suffix) Having the nature or character (of), by way of, as, amounting to.
(Bābā) Form assumed by the soul; image.

To enquire, to ask, to investigate, to interrogate, to question.

Kingdom, rule, reign, polity, the state.

The instinctive mind that creates thoughts according to its desires or aversions. Faculty of human beings shared with animals and small children.
Thought in the form of desire or aversion.

'not one'. Many, several, various, much, abundant.

Connection, relationship.

To pass.

To sit, to squat, to occupy a seat, to settle, to board, to mount.

Fruit (from a tree).
(fig.) Fruit, reward, return, effect, outcome, result, consequence, product.

Merit, virtue, great quality, excellence.
Constitutive quality, property, attribute.
One of the 3 qualities: sattva (purity, truth), rajas (strength, desire), and tamas (ignorance, inertia).

(The) others.

Towards.

Speciality, peculiarity, singularity, quality, attribute, characteristic.

Right, correct, exact, proper, true.
All right; precisely, accurately.

Master.

To sleep.

In, inside, within.

Memory, remembrance.
Books of traditional code of Hindu law.

Anyone, someone, any.

Double.

Certainly, undoubtedly, positively, without fail.

Several, sundry, divers, some, some few.

Check.

Big, large, great, huge, important, commodious, expansive.
Noble, reputed.
Elder, elderly, senior.
Grown up.
Rich.
adv. Very, exceedingly.

Granting a favor or a wish, blessing.
(Hindu mythology) A blessing, typically a supernatural power, granted to an ascetic by a god or goddess.

Prosperous, rich, well-off.
Completed, accomplished.
(suffix) Equipped, provided, endowed with, abundantly endowed with, possessed of (as of wealth, learning).

Ahead, in front of, before; in future.

With, along with, in the company of, in company with, in connection with.
We will replace kē with a possessive pronoun mērē (mine), tērē (yours), etc. to say "with me", "with you".

Knowledge directly taught by God.

Change, alteration, variation.
Exchange (of objects, goods); conversion (of funds, currency).
Transformation.

(genitive case of sab) Of everyone.

Work, task, job, employment, performance, function.

Passion, lust.
Desire.

On all sides, all around, everywhere.

Action, act, activity.
Work, task, duty, function, role.
Occupation.
Business, matter (in hand), agenda.

Action (with its fruit, and implications of merit); an act, deed.
(moral) duty or obligation.
A religious observance, action or rite (as sacrifice, ablution, funeral obsequies).
Fate (as the consequence of previous acts); fortune, lot.
Result, effect.

Or.

To show oneself (or itself, &c.), to come in sight, to appear, to be visible or apparent, to be seen.

Less (also used in comparisons).
Little, few, scanty, short, small, deficient.
Rarely, seldom.

To increase, to multiply, to grow, to progress, to advance.

Then, at that time, afterwards, thereupon, therefore, hence.

Interrogative pronominal adverb : Where ?

All ; whole, entire, complete.

More, -er (also used in comparatives and superlatives).
Additional; superfluous, redundant; too much, excessive.
Superfluously; excessively, &c.
Many, much, plenty.

Yād and pyār: remembrance and love, remembrance and affection.

With, together, along with.
Company, association.

A man.
People, public.
Placed after the pronoun ham (we), tum (you or you) or āp (you) grammatically plural to remove ambiguity on the number of people (at least 2 people)

Reason, cause.
Agency, instrument.
For the reason, because (of, -ke), on account (of), for the sake (of), &c.

Experience.

We.
(rustic form) I.

To wish, to want, to like, to love, to be fond of, to crave for, to desire, to require.

To fall, to fall down, to drop.
To lie (down).
To occur, to befall.
To be involved; to be hit.
(Following the uninflected infinitive of another verb, paṛnā, like honā, signifies 'have to,' 'must'; e.g. usko jāne paṛā, 'he had to go'; — annexed to the base of some neuter verbs it forms intensives, as gir-paṛnā, 'to fall down'; — annexed to the base of a transitive verb it has generally the sense of honā, as dekh paṛnā, 'to be seen,' 'to become visible').

To speak, to utter, to pronounce.
To bid.

By, through, through the medium of, through the agency of, by means of, with.

All, the whole, whole, entire, complete, universal.

To, upto, till, until, by.

Two, 2.

To engage, to employ.
To attach, to join, to connect.
To plant.
To apply.
To affix.
To make someone hang around.
To levy.
To touch.
To invest.
To paste, to stick.
To set, to fix.
To shut, to close.
To keep.
To backbite.
To inflame.
To add.

Each, every.
Each one, everybody.

Second.
Other, another.
Next.

As much as, as many, how much, however much.

The soul, the spirit, the self.

Easy, simple.
Spontaneous, straightforward, ingenuous.
Innate, natural, congenital.

Then, again, afterwards, thereafter, in future, a second time.

First, first of all, in the beginning, in olden times, originally, before, beforehand.

On this account, for this reason, hence, therefore.

Because, since.

Continue.

Sometime, ever.

As much as this, this much; so much, so many.

Something; anything.
A little, some.
fig. sthg. particular.
Some; any.
A few.
Somewhat, a little, at all.

Not (subjunctive or imperative).
Na .. na, Neither .. nor.
Repetitive Compounds of indefinite Pronouns, and of Adverbs formed from them are made by placing the Negative particle between the two words. These Compounds have a pronounced indefinite force. (A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi - Appendice III 5-j)

To turn.
To wander, to ramble, to walk about, to go round.

To (treat as one's) own.
To adopt.
To appropriate.

A postposition denoting the subject (ergative case that is to say with a past participle).

interrogative pronoun. Who

To take.

Emphatic particle at the end of the sentence: no?, isn't it?
No.

Or, either.

Emphatic form of yah: this very.

To put, to place, to keep, to possess, to have, to employ, to appoint.

Determination, resolve, resolution, will.
Mind, thought, idea.
(Bābā) Thought, idea.
(Bābā) Right idea, pure thought (śuddha khyāl)

Child, kid, baby, infant.
Inexperienced, raw, of unripe age.

Always, perpetually, continually, ever.

Father.

Today.

For, for the sake of.

Bāp and Dādā.
The Father Śhiv and the elder brother Brahmā,
The father Brahmā and the Grandfather Śhiv.

Power, strength, potency, energy.
Name of the goddess personifying divine power.
The energy or active power of a deity personified as his wife (as Gaurī of Śhiv, Lakṣhmī of viṣhṇu, &c.)
(Brahma kumaris) Sister, mother.
Śhiv Śhakti, the powers of Śhiv. In Bhakti they are portrayed as goddesses sitting on a lion, swan, lotus etc. They are symbolic of the victory over vices (demons). As power of Śhiv, brothers are Śhiv Śhakti too.

To can, to be able to.

To meet, to encounter, to be mixed, to be mingled, to unite, to merge, to tally, to conform, to obtain, to get, to acquire, to be acquired, to beget, to embrace, to form an alliance.

That is, that is to say, namely (viz.).

Special, specific, particular, distinctive, characteristic, typical.

Time.
Period.
Times, timings.
Occasion.
Leisure.
A convention.

(interrogative) How much, how many.
(exclamative) So, so much, so many.

You (to a superior, a stranger, his father).
(reflective pronoun) Self, himself, oneself, yourself, themselves...

To make, to construct, to compose, to build, to prepare, to make ready, to form.
To pull somebody's leg, to patch up, to develop a good equation with.
To befool.

To see, to look, to view, to perceive, to observe.
To consider.
To experience.

To understand.

Many, much.
Very.

(Relative pronoun) When.

One, 1, a, single, alone.
The number one.
The One, the Number One. God. There is only one God (Supreme Being) but many gods and goddesses (golden age deities).

Rūp, the one who smiles while making the flowers of virtues emerge from his lips. He is the embodiment of Yoga.
Form, shape, appearance, aspect, image, beauty, good looks, mould, type.

A matter, topic, subject, concern, fact, thing.

A suffix denoting an agent, doer, owner, possessor, keeper or inhabitant : the one of, the one with, the one who.

To give.

Good.
Well.
All right, well done.
So long.

Some, any, someone, anyone.

All, entire, whole, total.
Every.
All people, everybody, the whole.

Similar to, like, resembling, as, such as.

But, but still, on the other hand, however, notwithstanding, nevertheless, yet.

पर denotes :

  • Location or position on or upon or at something.
  • Point of time at which an action takes place.
  • Sequence of actions of happenings.
  • Cause or reason.
  • Objects of (compound) Verbs signifying mercy, faith, confidence, anger etc.
    (A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi)

Now.

Opposite, inimical, other, alien, higher.

To go, to depart, to lose, to flow.

That (to report indirect speech, example he says that).

Say.

Peace, calmness, quiet, tranquillity, quietude, silence.

To become, be, change, belong (with a possessive pronoun or a noun in the genitive case).

To come.

Such, of this type.

(Hinduism) Sacred syllable symbolising God Almighty.
Sacred syllable symbolising the almighty soul in general. (Hindus confuse the soul and the Supreme Soul)
I am.
Me the soul.

Reflexive possessive pronoun and adjective : my, mine, myself, your, yours, yourself, etc.

To remain, to stay.

Not manifest, not apparent, imperceptible, indistinct.

No.
Not.

Interrogative pronoun What? for an open question.
Interrogative adjective What?, Which? (if followed by a name).
Interrogative pronoun for a closed question (yes/no type).

Relative pronoun (without distinction of gender or number): who, that, which, what. Can be coupled with vah creating an identity relationship between the two terms of two propositions in the sentence.

3rd person personal pronoun, demonstrative pronoun or determiner in a close context : he, she, this (also they, these).

And.
Else.
Other.

Key.

The letter K of our alphabet (used as an initial in acronyms).

Then, therefore, moreover.
An emphatic particle (e.g. मैं तो जाऊँगा).
At any rate, however, at least.

Emphatic particle with a sense of exclusion : only.

Third person personal pronoun: he, she, it (and also they).
Distant demonstrative pronoun and adjective: that (and also those).

To be.
To happen, to occur.
To exist.
To be born.

का denotes one of the under-mentioned relations between a Noun or a Pronoun and another Noun which follows the former. If the Noun that follows is Feminine (singular or plural), का changes to की; if it is Masculine and Plural, or has an oblique form, का changes to के.

  • Possession and relationship.
  • Material or composition.
  • Worth and measure (space or time).
  • Source, origin, cause.
  • Subject (doer of an act).
  • Object (of an activity).
  • Part of a whole.
  • Purpose.
  • Characteristic.
    (A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi)

To do.
Also used after a transitive English verb to conjugate.

को is used for denoting:

  • A Person who 'does' something involuntarily (such as—like, dislike, remember, be injured, be offended, suffer, feel, enjoy, receive, happen, to have, to meet, to know, to see or to hear, or to do something under compulsion, requirement, necessity, obligation, etc.).
  • An Animate Object, provided it denotes a particular being.
  • The object of a Verb in the Neutral Construction.
  • Every Secondary Object (which is usually animate).
  • The Object of a Verb requiring a predicative word (referring to the object).
  • Nouns denoting time when used adverbially.
    (A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi)

Inclusive emphatic particle: too, also, even.

में is used for denoting :

  • Location or presence (of something) in or within something.
  • Duration.
  • Price.
  • Comparison with reference to more than two, or difference.
    (A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi)

से is used for denoting :

  • The Subject of a Verb in the passive and impersonal voices.
  • The indirect Objects (which are usually persons) of the Verbs meaning 'to tell, say, ask, ask for, beg, demand, claim, request’.
  • Means, instrument or agency.
  • Manner.
  • Cause, reason, origin.
  • Association, antagonism.
  • Separation or keeping away from.
  • Starting point (place or time).
  • Duration (with reference to a continuous 'action' of present or past).
  • Difference and comparison between two persons or things.
    (A Basic Grammar of Modern Hindi)